The occurrence of contrasting characteristics as paradox phenomena of the gift is particularly picked up by Marcel Hénaff in a highly regarded approach, directing attention to reciprocal recognition and the creation of a social bond. These cornerstones are voluntariness, obligation, interest and altruism. voluntary, but to speak of the four different cornerstones of human activity, which interact parallel with different intensity. He suggests to avoid the one-dimensional view of holistic vs. In a different approach Caillé tries to overcome the antagonism of both lines by his so-called 'third paradigm' (ibid.: 76).

While the former idea emphasizes an anti-economic, and unproductive wasteful perception, the latter structure-centered view sees the exchange of goods as a supra-subjective structure, caused unconsciously by the mind with its ability to symbolize and - following Bourdieu - to be thoroughly economic and benefit-oriented.

Bataille and Caillé as representatives of the Collège de Sociologie and the M.A.U.S.S-group and secondly, there is the structural-symbolic branch (e.g. On the one hand, there is the anti-utilitarianism mindset (e.g. Following Moebius, the consequential intense receptions can be substantially divided into two main strands (see Moebius 2010: 70f). Reciprocity, social totality, anti-utilitarianism and amalgamation of souls and things are the main issues of his ethnographic fundamental and systematic comparative study of the exchange of gifts. The ambivalent character of the (gift) behavior according to BourdieuĪre gifts disinterested presents, challenges geared to rivalry and fighting, offers of social reciprocal recognition, or an exchange of goods on a pure economic base? Sociologists, psychologists, ethnologists and philosophers have discussed these questions for decades, initiated in many cases by the 'Essai sur le don' by Marcel Mauss, written in 1924/25 about the form and reason for exchange in archaic societies (Mauss 1968 ). The ambivalent character of the ceremonial gift according to Hénaffģ.2. The ambivalence on the view of the giftģ.1. Concept of habitus and symbolic capitalģ. The gift term according to Pierre BourdieuĢ.2. The ceremonial gift exchange according to Marcel Hénaffġ.3.

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